1. IGF-1 Receptor Binding: Binds to the IGF-1 receptor (IGF1R) on muscle, bone, nerve, and other cells, activating intracellular signaling cascades.
PI3K–Akt Pathway Activation: Stimulates cell survival, protein synthesis, and growth.
MAPK/ERK Pathway Activation: Regulates cellular proliferation and differentiation.
2. Enhanced Cell Growth and Repair: Promotes hypertrophy (cell enlargement) and hyperplasia (new cell formation), accelerating tissue regeneration.
3. Inhibition of Apoptosis: Reduces programmed cell death in stressed or damaged tissues, supporting recovery and adaptation.
4. Insulin-Like Effects: Increases glucose uptake and enhances nutrient partitioning toward muscle tissue.
5. Reduced IGF Binding Protein Interaction: The LR3 modification decreases affinity for IGF Binding Proteins (IGFBPs), increasing bioavailability and biological activity.